Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C). Line a 9x9-inch baking pan with parchment paper, ensuring the paper extends slightly over the edges for easy removal.
In a medium mixing bowl, combine 1 cup salted butter (sliced), 2 cups all-purpose flour, and 1/2 cup granulated sugar using a pastry cutter or a food processor until the mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Press the dough evenly into the bottom of the prepared baking pan. Bake for 15 minutes, or until the edges are lightly golden.
While the crust bakes, prepare the lemon layer. In a separate mixing bowl, whisk together 1 1/2 cups granulated sugar and 1/4 cup all-purpose flour. Add the 4 large eggs and 1 cup lemon juice, then whisk or mix with a hand mixer until smooth and fully combined.
When the crust is finished baking, gently pour the lemon mixture over the hot crust, spreading evenly if necessary. Return the pan to the oven and bake for 40–50 minutes, or until the lemon layer is set and does not jiggle in the center when the pan is lightly shaken.
Remove from the oven and let cool completely at room temperature. Dust the top with powdered sugar before serving, if desired.